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<title>Autoconstructive evolution</title>

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Autoconstructive evolution

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr">Autoconstructive evolution is a process in which the entities undergoing evolutionary change are themselves responsible for the construction of their own offspring and thus for aspects of the evolutionary process itself. Because <a href="Biological_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological evolution">biological evolution</a> is always autoconstructive, this term mainly occurs in <a href="Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">evolutionary computation</a>, to distinguish <a href="Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">artificial life</a> type systems from conventional <a href="Genetic_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic algorithms">genetic algorithms</a> where the GA performs replication artificially.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The term was coined by Lee Spector.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_of_autoconstructive_evolution">Importance of autoconstructive evolution</h2></div>

Autoconstructive evolution is a good platform for answering theoretical questions about the evolution of <a href="Evolvability" title="Evolvability">evolvability</a>. Preliminary evidence suggests that the way in which offspring are generated changes substantially over the course of evolution.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> By studying these patterns, we can begin to understand how evolving systems organize themselves to evolve faster. Ultimately, such an understanding could allow us to improve our ability to solve problems with <a href="Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">evolutionary computation</a>.

This increased ability for the process of self-replication to evolve is also thought to be important for recreating the open-ended evolutionary process observed on earth<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_autoconstructive_evolution">Examples of autoconstructive evolution</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tierra_and_Avida">Tierra and Avida</h3></div>

A relatively simple form of autoconstruction occurs in systems such as <a href="Tierra_(computer_simulation)" title="Tierra (computer simulation)">Tierra</a> and <a href="Avida_(software)" title="Avida (software)">Avida</a>. In these systems, programs replicate themselves by allocating space in memory for their offspring and then looping over all of the instructions in their genome and copying each into the newly allocated space.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This is autoconstruction in that the programs are responsible for determining what code ends up in the offspring. Programs most commonly make exact copies of themselves, with changes being introduced exclusively through mutation events. In principle, however, programs can compose a wide range of possible offspring by only copying a subset of their genomes.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PushGP">PushGP</h3></div>

PushGP is a <a href="Genetic_programming" title="Genetic programming">genetic programming</a> system which evolves code written in the Push language.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> Push is a stack-based language designed for easy use in genetic programming, in which every variable type (e.g. strings, integers, etc.) has its own stack. All variables are stored on the stack associated with their type. One of the variable types is executable Push code. As a result, this language design allows for rich autoconstructive evolution by treating all code left on the code stack at the end of program execution as the program's offspring.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Using this approach, programs have complete control over the offspring programs that they create.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOfriaWilke2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ofria, Charles; Wilke, Claus O. (2004). "Avida: A Software Platform for Research in Computational Evolutionary Biology". Artificial Life. 10 (2): 191–229. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.211.8981">10.1.1.211.8981</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F106454604773563612">10.1162/106454604773563612</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1064-5462">1064-5462</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15107231">15107231</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15128560">15128560</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRobinsonSpector2002" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Alan; Spector, Lee (2002-03-01). "Genetic Programming and Autoconstructive Evolution with the Push Programming Language". Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines. 3 (1): 7–40. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1014538503543">10.1023/A:1014538503543</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-7632">1573-7632</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5584377">5584377</a>.</cite>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hampshire.edu/lspector/pubs/ace.pdf">Autoconstructive evolution with PushGP and Pushpop</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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